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Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad ((ベンガル語:আবুল কালাম মুহিয়ুদ্দিন আহমেদ আজাদ), ; , (アラビア語:ابوالكلام محي الدين احمد ازاد), ''Abul Kalam Azad''; 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian scholar and a senior political leader of the Indian independence movement. Following India's independence, he became the first (of Education ) in the Indian government. In 1992 he was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf )〕 There is also a theory which suggests that earlier when he was offered Bharat Ratna he promptly declined it saying that it should not be given to those who have been on the selection committee. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'learned man', and he had adopted ''Azad'' (''Free'') as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as "National Education Day" across India. As a young man, Azad composed poetry in Urdu language, as well as treatises on religion and philosophy. He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist, publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism. Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience, and worked to organise the non-co-operation movement in protest of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts. Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting ''Swadeshi'' (indigenous) products and the cause of ''Swaraj'' (''Self-rule'') for India. In 1923, at an age of 35, he became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress. Azad was one of the main organisers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931, and emerged as one of the most important national leaders of the time, prominently leading the causes of Hindu-Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.〔(Chapter 3 Page 14 Abul Kalam – Freedom fighters of India: (in four volumes) By Lion M. G. Agrawal )〕 He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which the ''Quit India'' rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together with the entire Congress leadership, for three years. Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India, he worked for religious harmony. As India's Education Minister, Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with free primary education and modern institutions of higher education. He is also credited with the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants Commission, an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the nation.〔 National Education Day (India) an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958. National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India. He also woked for Hindu-muslim unity through Al-Hilal. == Early life == Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. His real name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin who eventually became known as Maulana Azad.〔 Azad's father was Bengali Maulana Muhammad Khairuddin, a scholar who authored a dozen of books and had thousands of disciples,〔(BIOGRAPHY OF MAULANA AZAD )〕 while his mother was an Arab, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad Zaher Watri, himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia.〔Abul Kalam Azad, ''India Wins Freedom'', Orient Blackswan (2003), pp. 1-2〕 Maulana Khairuddin lived with his family in the Bengal region until he left India during the First Indian War of Independence and settled in Mecca, where Maulana Azad was born, but returned to Calcutta with his family in 1890. Azad began to master several languages, including Urdu, Hindi, Persian, Bengali, Arabic, and English.〔 He was also trained in the Mazahibs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali fiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, world history and science by reputed tutors hired by his family. An avid and determined student, the precocious Azad was running a library, a reading room, a debating society before he was twelve, wanted to write on the life of Ghazali at twelve, was contributing learned articles to ''Makhzan'' (the best known literary magazine of the day) at fourteen,〔S.M. Ikram (1995). ''Indian Muslims and Partition of India''. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 139.〕 was teaching a class of students, most of whom were twice his age, when he was merely fifteen and succeeded in completing the traditional course of study at the young age of sixteen, nine years ahead of his contemporaries, and brought out a magazine at the same age.〔(Maulana Abul Kalam Azad – The Builder of Modern India )〕 In fact, in the field of journalism, he was publishing a poetical journal (''Nairang-e-Aalam'')〔K.R. Gupta, Amita Gupta (2006). ''Concise Encyclopaedia of India, Vol# 3''. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. (p. 1040 )〕 and was already an editor of a weekly (''Al-Misbah''), in 1900, at the age of twelve and, in 1903, brought out a monthly journal, ''Lissan-us-Sidq'', which soon gained popularity.〔Various. ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature''. Sahitya Akademi. (p. 315 )〕 At the age of thirteen, he was married to a young Muslim girl, Zulaikha Begum.〔 Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the ''Hadith'', and the principles of ''Fiqh'' and ''Kalam''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abul Kalam Azad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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